The polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctic, represent the
last relatively unspoilt regions on earth. However, all kinds of resources
elsewhere have been exploited and depleted. The Polar regions have the
potential to be tapped for their natural resources. Others argue though that
they should be preserved and saved.
Antarctica; untouched and preserved for millions of years, it
is now under threat from the exploitation of man. It is a continent almost
completely covered by ice, making it one of the most hostile environments on
Earth. Antarctica is home to many
organisms, closely linked together in the marine food chains, but there are no
humans in permanent residence. However, Antarctica plays an important role in
the high demand for resources like oil, minerals and food. Furthermore, there is a growing interest of
Tourism in Antarctica. Yet all of which will come at a high cost to polar
region inhabitants, the animals and, in the case of the Arctic, the indigenous
people. This leads us to ask ourselves whether the benefits outweigh the
consequences of saving Polar Regions from the exploitation of man. Nevertheless
many countries have laid claims to parts of Antarctica, although for the most part
they are not at present using their territories to extract minerals etc from
their environment.
A similar situation exists in the Arctic, although it has no
land mass as such. However, like Antarctica, it has mineral resources, namely
undersea oil and gas. There is an environmental protection agreement between
the eight Arctic nations (Canada, Greenland/Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Russia, Sweden and the United States). Concern for the Arctic environment, lead
to the formation of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. This was in
response to issues with the dumping of radioactive waste and the build up of
pollutants (organic pollutants and heavy metals) in the region (Arctic
Council, 2012).
Unlike Antarctica the Arctic region contains indigenous
peoples. One of the concerns is about the food chain,
where they are the top
predator. Their food sources are endangered by pollutants borne in the air,
water and transported on ice sheets.
Source: Artic Centre
It is estimated that about 4.5 Million of the 13.5 Million
people living in the arctic region are indigenous people. They comprise about
40 different ethnic groups, the best know of which is the Inuit. There way of
life is under threat by global warming and the melting of the ice cap,
pollutants and the exploitation of the Arctic’s mineral resources. Many
immigrants have come into some of these territories to exploit the resources. The
distinct features of these groups, for example their distinct languages,
cultures and traditional livelihoods, such as reindeer herding, fishing and
hunting, are under threat (Arctic Center, n.d.).
The Antarctic Region too is covered by a Treaty, the
Antarctic Treaty, first signed in 1959. Its basis is that no one country has
rights to the region; that it should be only used for peaceful purposes, such
as scientific investigation, the results of which should be exchanged and made
freely available (Secretariat of the Antarctica Treaty, n.d.)
Antarctic tourist
numbers peaked at more than 45,000, during the 2007-2008 seasons.
Photo Source: Cool
Antarctica
Antarctica is perhaps one of the most fascinating and extreme
environments in the world for people, to visit. Tourist numbers have been on a
rise since tourism was launched in 1956 with a plane trip for 66 passengers
that landed in McMurdo Sound. Ship
cruising is the most popular activity for tourists followed by small boat
landing and cruising, which accounted for more than 80% of tourism activity in
2010-11. This activity is said to be worth more than $5 million to New Zealand,
but this number has a realised potential to grow to surpass $20 million,
estimated to be what the toothfish fisheries are worth to New Zealand. To
minimise man’s impact on Antarctica, there are tight regulations that tourism
operators must follow. This includes following the Antarctica treaty signed by 12
countries in 1961, including New Zealand. The IAATO (International Association of Antarctic Tour
Operators) makes sure that these companies comply by these rules and are run in
a sustainable manner, and insures the safety of the environment, Antarctic
wildlife and the tourists. (Cool Geography, n.d. /Davison, I, January 14, 2013)
Tourism can threaten Antarctica from an ecological
perspective for, Antarctica is one of the most environmentally and biologically
delicate areas on Earth. Almost all Antarctic animals rely on krill
populations, as it is the primary source of food for many animals,(whales,
penguins, small fish, squid) who in turn, fall prey to top predators (leopard
seals, killer whales). Moreover, its temperatures which plummet to an all time
low of -89.2, means that rubbish can take hundreds of years to break down, and
decompose. This problem is further established through the consequences of
commercial tourism. Most tourists will usually spend only 6-30 days on their
trip to Antarctica, but this effect can really add up when you take into
account that more than 34,000 people toured Antarctica between 2012-13 tourist
seasons, alone. Numerous problems for the Antarctic environment have occurred
including disturbance of the wildlife, mainly penguins, and even more
concerning, diesel and oil spills causing water pollution. (Cool Geography,
n.d. / Cool Antarctica, n.d.)
Patagonian Toothfish, Dissostichus
eleginoides.
Photo source : Alexander Colhoun -
National Science Foundation
The waters surrounding
Antarctica has a diverse range of marine animals from mammals, such as seals
and whales, to crustaceans, namely krill, and fish, the most recently exploited
being toothfish, all interdependent of each other in the Antarctic Ocean Food web.
Fishing is now the main source of
exploitation in Antarctica. The Southern
Ocean is one of the least actively fished areas on Earth, due to the costs and
risks that fisheries face. Despite this, Antarctic animals are still under
threat from socially irresponsible fisheries that do not abide by the fishing
catch limits and regulations. Of great concern are the populations of toothfish
and krill, both of which play a critical role in the Antarctic food web, and if
they were to go extinct, it would have dire consequences for animals both in
and outside of Antarctica. (ASOC, n.d.; Cool Antarctica, n.d.)
The Antarctic and Patagonian
toothfish are called “white gold” by toothfish pirates, and have been illegally
fished up for hundreds of millions of dollars since the mid 1990s, and the fish
sell for around NZ$95 per/kg. The Antarctic and Patagonia toothfish fisheries
already appear to be in trouble due to overfishing, (Sydney Morning Herald
2013, Field, 2012).
The same could also be said
about the small crustaceans, krill who plays a vital role for life in
Antarctica (ASOC, n.d.).
Antarctica
has many mineral resources but as the continent is mostly covered by a thick
shelf of ice they cannot be exploited with current technology. Any such mining
would be uneconomic. However, the prospect of mining in the region has been
discussed from time to time. For example, when the issues were raised in the
1980s an addition to the treaty, the Protocol on Environmental Protection
to the Antarctic Treaty, was added. The signatories to the Antarctic
Treaty signed the Madrid Protocol in 1991 banning mining. This is to be
reviewed after 50 years, in 2041.
southern ocean fisheries-
ANTARCTIC and southern ocean coalition
Photo Source: Antarctic
and Southern Ocean Coalition (n.d).
However, the same natural
protection is not the case in the Arctic, where the oil and gas is at
relatively shallow depths under the ice (and some not covered in ice as the ice
sheet continues to shrink due to global warming.
The Polar Regions are harsh
and few people live there, none at all in the Antarctic Polar Region. However,
they have the potential to provide resources, such as food and minerals, to a
world hungry for such natural resources. They also have the potential to
provide sustainable resources, such as tourism, but that too can have its
costs. It is important that these regions continue to be protected by treaties
and by being respected by the people of all nations.
References
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (n.d). Southern Ocean
Fisheries. Retrieved on Oct 2 2013 from
Arctic
Center (n.d.). Arctic Indigenous Peoples Retrieved on Oct 1 2013 from http://www.arcticcentre.org/InEnglish/SCIENCE-COMMUNICATIONS/Arctic-region/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples
Arctic Council (2012). Emergency Prevention
Preparedness and Response. Retrieved on Oct 2 2013 from http://www.arctic-council.org/eppr/reports/ministerial-direction/
Cool Antarctica (n.d.). Human Impacts on Antarctica and
Threats to the Environment - Fishing. Retrieved on September 30 from
http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/threats_fishing_hunting.htm
Cool Geography (n.d.) Impact of tourism on extreme environments.
Retrieved on Oct 2 2013 from
Darby,
A (2013). Ocean pursuit leaves toothfish pirates with nowhere to run. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
on October 3 3013 from
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/ocean-pursuit-leaves-toothfish-pirates-with-nowhere-to-run-20130503-2iyl1.html#ixzz2gjuM6MhX
Davison,
I (2013) Tourists drawn to wonders of Antarctic. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved
on Oct 4 2013 fromhttp://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10858934
Field, M (2012) McMurdo Sound's toothfish population at
risk. Fairfax NZ News. Retrieved
on September 30 2013 from
(Secretariat of the Antarctica Treaty, (n.d.) The Antarctic
Treaty. Retrieved on Oct 1 2013 from http://www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm
Hi Mohammed
ReplyDeleteIs this your own work? If yes, then great but if not then you need to acknowledge the person who helped you. Plus, why does the first 2 paragraphs not have any references? I'm sure you have taken the info from an external source so referencing is important. You get a 13/20 for this module.
Rashika.